What Is A Motorcycle Carburetor?
To gain a better understanding, let’s discuss what exactly a motorcycle carburetor is. In the simplest of terms, a motorcycle ‘carb,’ or series of multiple carburetors, has the job of creating a combustible mix of gasoline and air that will power the engine and create the driving force to propel the vehicle forward. Carburetors have been updated, modernized, and improved over the years; however, the basic premise of mixing fuel and air has not changed.
How Does A Carburetor Work?
So, what does a carburetor do? How does a motorcycle carburetor work? First, we should cover the basics:
- A carburetor’s job is to supply an internal combustion engine with air/fuel mixture
- Carburetors regulate the flow of air through their Main bore (Venturi), this flowing air draws in fuel and the mixture enters the engine via the intake valve
- The Venturi Principle/Effect (discussed below) is critical to successful operation
- Carburetors consist of a bowl, center bore, passages, jets, vents, a slide, enrichener (aka Choke), idle speed adjustment, air/fuel ratio adjustment and often an accelerator pump
Motorcycle Carburetor Advantages
- Simple, easy for DIY repairs
- Do not typically require computer/software for adjustment, making them valuable in racing applications
- Do not require pressurized fuel lines to operate
Motorcycle Carburetor Challenges
- Less efficient than fuel injection, especially when the engine is cold or on deceleration
- Can be finicky after sitting unused for a length of time
- Multiple carburetor setups on vehicles with multiple cylinders need to be properly synced with one another to work correctly
Now that we’ve covered the basics, let’s take a deeper look into how a motorcycle carburetor works.
Surprisingly, twisting the throttle on a motorcycle handlebar does not directly control how much fuel enters the engine. The throttle controls how much air is allowed to flow through the carburetor, and the flow of air is what controls how much fuel is also fed into the engine.
The Venturi Principle/Effect states that when air flows through a restriction of a tube (narrowing), the air speed increases, and air pressure decreases. This drop in air pressure draws fuel up and out of the carburetor bowl through a series of precisely machined jets and passages, and into the cylinder head.
What causes air to flow through the carburetor and into the engine?
As a piston travels down the cylinder bore of an internal combustion engine, it creates negative air pressure. This negative air pressure, along with an open intake valve, draws air through the carburetor and into the combustion chamber.
As the rider opens the throttle, a butterfly valve or slide allows more air to rush in, and that traveling air picks up a specific amount of fuel from the carburetor bowl. A series of passages, vents and jets regulate the volume of fuel, depending on the engine needs.
Mechanical Slide vs. Constant Velocity Carburetors
Carburetors fall into two categories: mechanical slide or constant velocity (CV). In a mechanical slide carburetor, the rider’s throttle input directly raises or lowers the carburetor slide, which regulates how much air flows through the bore and into the engine. Mechanical slide carbs are popular in racing, off road and other performance applications. For maximum performance, accelerator pumps are often built into mechanical slide carburetors to deliver the fuel needed at any given time.
Constant velocity carburetors allow for better performance at various altitudes and offer smoother throttle response across all ranges of throttle. CV carbs do not have a physical connection between the slide and the handlebar mounted throttle. Instead, the throttle opens a butterfly style valve in the throat of the carburetor, and vacuum pressure will lift the slide as much as needed.
Air/Fuel Ratio
Terms like “lean” or “rich” and sayings like, “Lean is mean and fat is flat,” are commonly heard when discussing carburetor controlled vehicles. What does it all mean? Is the often sought after 14.7:1 “stoichiometric” air/fuel ratio appropriate in all situations?
When a carburetor mixes air and fuel, the ratio of one to the other has an impact on engine longevity, fuel economy, emissions and of course, performance. Even cylinder head temperature can fluctuate based on how rich or lean the air/fuel ratio is.
Adjustments to jet sizes, slide needle taper and diaphragm spring tension are made to achieve desired performance outcomes. Analyzing the exhaust gas composition is a common way to help with tuning and dialing in optimal air/fuel mixture ratios. So, while carburetors are less sophisticated than electronic fuel injection, they can still be intimidating to new technicians.
Circuits
There are 3 main circuits of a carburetor: idle, midrange and main. Each circuit is responsible for regulating the air fuel ratio for different rider demands. If 14.7 parts air to 1 part fuel (stoichiometric) is the idle ratio, these 3 circuits operate to achieve that goal at all times.
The idle circuit is active when the throttle is closed, and the motorcycle is idling. Midrange is active under partial throttle, when accelerating from a stop or upon gradual acceleration. The main circuit is active when the throttle is between 75% open to wide open throttle (WOT).
How does a small engine carburetor work on a 2 stroke engine?
4 stroke small engine carburetors work using the same principles as a motorcycle carburetor. Typically, small engine carbs will be the simplest in design, falling into the mechanical slide category rather than the more complicated Constant Velocity design.
Due to the compact size of 2 stroke engines, they are often used on lawn equipment such as blowers, weed trimmers, chainsaws and more. These engines must work without the benefit of being gravity fed, as the nature of their use puts the engine in various positions, including upside down.
2 stroke small engine carburetors have the same job of mixing air and fuel at proper ratios as their 4 stroke carburetor counterparts. Their operation however, is slightly different.
Using a primer bulb and diaphragms, 2 stroke carburetors are able to create a pressurized, continuous loop of fuel from the fuel tank to the engine with any unused excess fuel fed back into the tank. There will not be a bowl to temporarily store fuel, rather, mechanically priming the bulb will pressurize the system, readying the fuel system to supply the engine.
How Motorcycle Technicians Benefit from Carburetor Knowledge
As stated earlier, newly sold motorcycles and powersports equipment are almost exclusively fuel injected, so how does carburetor knowledge benefit a motorcycle technician?
The main benefit comes from the millions of vehicles already in use that run carbs. Dealerships and independent shops service a wide variety of vehicles, and technicians familiar with carburetors will still see them on their service lifts for years to come. Technicians who can service a wide variety of equipment, including carbureted vehicles, will stay busier, and remain in demand for a long time.
